Geographical Information System (English: Geographic Information System GIS abbreviated) is a special information system that manages data that has spatial information (bereferensi RELIGIOUS). Or in a more narrow sense, is a computer system that has the ability to build, store, manage and display the geographic information berefrensi, for example, the data identified by location, in a database. The practitioners also include people who build and operate it and the data as part of this system.

Geographical Information System technology can be used for scientific investigation, resource management, development planning, cartography and route planning. For example, GIS can help planners to quickly calculate the time when the emergency response to natural disaster occurs, or GIS can digunaan for wetland (Wetlands), which requires protection from pollution.

History of development

35,000 years ago, the cave walls in Lascaux, France, the Cro-hunter magnons drawing their prey animals, are also believed to be the line as the migration route the animals. Note this early in line with the two elements of the structure on a modern information system gegrafis now, the archive graphic linked to the database attributes.

In the years 1700s, modern survey techniques for topographical mapping is applied, including early versions of thematic mapping, for example, scholarly or census data.

Century to the early-20 shows the development of "photo Lithography", where the map is separated into several layers (layer). Development of computer hardware, which spurred by research to bring nuclear weapons into multifunction mapping applications in the early 1960s.

1967 is the initial development of the GIS can be applied in Ottawa, Ontario by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. Developed by Roger Tomlinson, who then called CGIS (Canadian GIS - GIS, Canada), used to store, analyze and process the data collected for the Canada Land Inventory (CLI - Canadian land inventory) - an initiative to know the ability of land in rural areas with Canada memetakaan various information on land, agriculture, tourism, nature, birds and land use on the scale of 1:250000. Factors of the classification also applied for analysis purposes.
GIS with gvSIG.

CGIS is the first system in the world, and results from improvements to the mapping application that has the ability to limp heap (overlay), calculation, pendijitalan / scanning (digitizing / scanning), coordinates national support system that extends above the continental United States, enter the line as arcs that have a topology and save the attributes and information lokasional in separate files. Pengembangya, a geografer named Roger Tomlinson then called "Mr. SIG."

CGIS survive until the year 1970 and takes a long time for improvement after initial development, and can not compete with commercial mapping applications, which issued several vendors such as Intergraph. Development of micro computer hardware vendor to drive the other as ESRI, CARIS, MapInfo and successfully make many features of GIS, merge approach to the separation of the first generation of spatial information and attributes, with a second-generation approach in the organization attribute data into the database structure. The development of industry in the 1980s and 1990s spur more growth in the GIS UNIX workstations and personal computers. At the end of the century to 20, the rapid growth in various systems dikonsolidasikan and distandarisasikan into fewer platforms, and users begin exporting displays GIS data via the Internet, which requires the standard format and transfer data.

Indonesia has adopted this system since the Pelita to-2 when LIPI invite UNESCO in preparing the "Policy and Program Development Stage Second Five Year (1974-1979)" in the development of science, technology and research.

Senior secondary education / senior high school education through the curriculum, geography remote sensing and GIS have been introduced since early. University of Indonesia in the Diploma in GIS program to open this D3 is a remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada, 1999. While the levels of S1 and S2 have been there since 1991 in the Department of cartography and remote sensing, Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada. So far, GIS has been developed almost by the universities in Indonesia through laboratory-laboratory, group study / discussion and the courses.