Information system network (English: the network information system abbreviated NIS) is a protocol that is used to designate directories and offers services in several UNIX platforms.

NIS function as a "phone book" that can be used to find resources in a network based on TCP / IP. Therefore, the original name of the NIS protocol is the Yellow Pages. NIS allow users and applications are through the network to find and access files and applications anywhere in the access network with a central server NIS. Information provided by the NIS Server example is the password file (/ etc / passwd), table hosts (/ etc / hosts), and e-mail address.

NIS operate by sending packets of data in a broadcast, and on most UNIX platforms, the NIS client can communicate with the NIS server by using Remote Procedure Call protocol, which runs in the top layer transport protocol, User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Implementation of the NIS service initially be less so in terms of security. Therefore, many NIS servers in a network-based UNIX often attacked. Sun Microsystems is developing a new protocol of the NIS, which is called as the NIS, which includes several security features (which is not owned by the NIS), although less popular.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_informasi_jaringan

Technical Information is a collection disciplines of the study data processing and information using the computer.

In this course, students will learn how data and information are many and saved for this manually can be managed and stored with an easier way. For instance, data, which many students that, if stored in the form of manual sheet-sheet paper only, will take place very much, other than it will be very difficult if we want to find someone's data. Contents of the sheet of paper that can be written (text) or images (photos, graphics, and so forth).

Learned from the basic, such as algorithms and programming, logic, database, software engineering, computer organization and architecture, operating system, computer network, information systems, artificial intelligence, computer graph, to the application in the fields of expertise other computers. In addition, students will also learn IF issues of social and professional, and ethics in the field of information technology.

The field can place a degree in Engineering Informatics is quite diverse, among others:
Programmer
Both as a system programmer or application developer, IF degree is required in various fields, such as the banking sector, telecommunications, industry, IT, media, government agencies, etc..
Software Engineer / Web engineer
Role in the development of software for various purposes. For example, software for education, telecommunications, business, entertainment, and so forth.
System Analyst and system integrators
Role in the analysis of the system in an institution or company and create integrated solutions that utilize the software
IT Consultant
Database Engineer / Database Administrator
Role in the design and maintenance of a database company or institution.
Web Engineer / Web Administrator
Duty to design and build the website and its various services and facilities that run on top of it. He also served perform maintenance for the website and develop.
Computer Network / Data Communication Engineers
Aristektur duty to design the network, and the treatment and management of the network in an institution or company

In addition to professional fields above, can work in other fields. For example, in education or in the field with a scholarly researchers in research institutions such as the LIPI, BPPT, and the Research and Development Agency in the company.

If the System Information System contains information about the lectures concerns about the basic theories, how to design and development and implementation of various activities in the day-to-day. Some of the system as applied Accounting Information System, Decision Support System, Executive Information System, Information Systems and Information Systems Marketing Resources will also briefly discussed in these lectures.

Model data includes a database hierarchy / tree, a database network, relational database, object-oriented database, hypermedia database, multidimensional database, geographic databases, knowledge databases, and multimedia databases.

Database Hierarchy
Database hierarchy / tree is a format similar to the inverted tree, which re-cord will contain the key fields and a number of fields lainnya.Seluruh record has only one "parent", and their respective parents have many "children." Therefore, hierarchy structure is marked by many to one relationship between the data.

Database Network
In the network database, records can be connected to more than one parent, allowing many to many relationships between data.Serupa model with the database hierarchy, the network using a database that relationship explicitly, called the pointer to member owner.Se and how physical address pointer is which contain the storage location of a record deal.

Relational database
Relational database using the order form data table that consists of rows and columns consistent with the business world situation nyata.Dalam relational database, called the table relations, and the model is based on the theory and mathematics from the collective relasi.Dalam this model, each row of data equivalen with the record and each column equivalen the field.

Object-Oriented Database
Object-oriented database is the main idea is that an object is from a small amount of data that is shared by all the data needed to be conducted an operation against tersebut.Database this data can be useful terutema in the multimedia environment.

Multidimensional database
The database is expanding two-dimensional data, including additional dimensions / double what's called a three-dimensional / cube.

Hypermedia database
Dtabase hypermedia is a database that stores pieces of information in the form of nodes that dikoneksikan with a link that was built by pemakai.Nodes can contain text, graphics, sound, viseo / computer program that can be executed.

Geographical Information Database
This database contains the location data, which is located on the map or use the data gambar.Dengan this model, the user can see the location of customers and suppliers in spatial, can even read the address easily.

Knowledge Database
Database of knowledge can save the rules of decision that is used to evaluate the situation and help users mambuat decision as an expert.

Multimedia Database
Multimedia database can store data in various media, in the form of text, sound, images, graphics, animation, and video.

History

IBM designed IMS with Rockwell and Caterpillar starting in 1966 for the Apollo program. IMS's challenge was to inventory the very large bill of materials (BOM) for the Saturn V moon rocket and Apollo space vehicle.

The first "IMS READY" message appeared on an IBM 2740 terminal in Downey, California, on 14 August 1968. IMS is still going strong 40 years later and, over time, has seen some interesting developments as IBM System/360 technology evolved into the current z/OS and System z9 and z10 technologies. For example, IMS supports the Java programming language, JDBC, XML, and, since late 2005, Web services (though JDBC, XML or Web Services require licensing additional software from IBM). IMS Connect comes with version 9 and provides a TCP/IP interface to Message Processing Programs running in IMS Message Processing Regions.

Vern Watts is IMS's chief architect. Watts joined IBM in the late 1950s and, as of this writing in mid-2005, still works (at least "unofficially") at IBM's Silicon Valley development labs.[citation needed] He has continuously worked on IMS since the 1960s.

Database

The IMS Database component stores data using a hierarchial model, which is quite different from IBM's later released relational database, DB2. In IMS, the hierarchical model is implemented using blocks of data known as segments. Each segment can contain several pieces of data, which are called fields. For example, a customer database may have a root segment (or the segment at the top of the hierarchy) with fields such as phone, name, and age. Child segments may be added underneath another segment, for instance, one order segment under each customer segment representing each order a customer has placed with a company. Likewise, each order segment may have many children segments for each item on the order. Unlike other databases, you do not need to define all of the data in a segment to IMS. A segment may be defined with a size of 40 bytes but only define one field that is six bytes long as a key field that you can use to find the segment when performing queries. IMS will retrieve and save all 40 bytes as directed by a program but may not understand (or care) what the other bytes represent. In practice, often all data in a segment may map to a COBOL copybook. Besides DL/I query usage, a field may be defined in IMS so that the data can be hidden from certain applications for security reasons. The database component of IMS can be purchased standalone, without the transaction manager component, and used by systems such as CICS.

There are three basic forms of IMS hierarchical databases:

"Full function" databases

* Directly descended from the Data Language Interface (DL/I) databases originally developed for Apollo. Full function databases can have primary and secondary indexes, accessed using DL/I calls from your application program, like SQL calls to DB2 or Oracle.
* Full function databases can have a variety of access methods, although Hierarchical Direct (HDAM) and Hierarchical Indexed Direct (HIDAM) dominate. The other formats are Simple Hierarchical Indexed Sequential (SHISAM), Hierarchical Sequential (HSAM), and Hierarchical Indexed Sequential (HISAM).
* Full function databases store data using VSAM, a native z/OS access method, or Overflow Sequential (OSAM), an IMS-specific access method that optimizes the I/O channel program for IMS access patterns. In particular, OSAM performance benefits from sequential access of IMS databases (OSAM Sequential Buffering).

"Fast path" databases

* Fast Path databases are optimized for extremely high transaction rates. Data Entry Databases (DEDBs) and Main Storage Databases (MSDBs) are the two types of fast path databases. Neither provide any indexing. Virtual Storage Option (VSO) DEDBs can replace MSDBs in modern IMS releases, so MSDBs are gradually disappearing.

High Availability Large Databases (HALDBs)

* IMS V7 introduced HALDBs, an extension of IMS full function databases to provide better availability, better handling of extremely large data volumes, and, with IMS V9, online reorganization to support continuous availability. (Third party tools exclusively provided online reorganization prior to IMS V9.) A HALDB can store in excess of 40 terabytes of data. [1]


Fast path DEDBs can only be built atop VSAM. DL/I databases can be built atop either VSAM or OSAM, with some restrictions depending on database organization. Although the maximum size of a z/OS VSAM dataset increased to 128 TB a few years ago, IMS still limits a VSAM dataset to 4 GB (and OSAM to 8 GB). This "limitation" simply means that IMS customers will use multiple datasets for large amounts of data. VSAM and OSAM are usually referred to as the access methods, and the IMS "logical" view of the database is referred to as the database "organization" (HDAM, HIDAM, HISAM, etc.) Internally the data are linked using 4-byte pointers or addresses. In the database datasets (DBDSs) the pointers are referred to as RBAs (relative byte addresses).

Collectively the database-related IMS capabilities are often called IMS DB. IMS DB has grown and evolved over nearly four decades to support myriad business needs.

Transaction Manager

IMS is also a robust transaction manager (IMS TM, also known as IMS DC) — one of the "big three" along with CICS and BEA Tuxedo. A transaction manager interacts with an end user (connected through VTAM or TCP/IP, including 3270 and Web user interfaces) or another application, processes a business function (such as a banking account withdrawal), and maintains state throughout the process, making sure that the system records the business function correctly to a data store. Thus IMS TM is quite like a Web application, operating through a CGI program (for example), to provide an interface to query or update a database. IMS TM typically uses either IMS DB or DB2 as its backend database. When used alone with DB2 the IMS TM component can be purchased without the IMS DB component.

IMS TM uses a messaging and queuing paradigm. An IMS control program receives a transaction entered from a terminal (or Web browser or other application) and then stores the transaction on a message queue (in memory or in a dataset). IMS then invokes its scheduler on the queued transaction to start the business application program in a message processing region. The message processing region retrieves the transaction from the IMS message queue and processes it, reading and updating IMS and/or DB2 databases, assuring proper recording of the transaction. Then, if required, IMS enqueues a response message back onto the IMS message queue. Once the output message is complete and available the IMS control program sends it back to the originating terminal. IMS TM can handle this whole process thousands (or even tens of thousands) of times per second.

Application

Prior to IMS, businesses and governments had to write their own transaction processing environments. IMS TM provides a straightforward, easy-to-use, reliable, standard environment for high performance transaction execution. In fact, much of the world's banking industry relies on IMS, including the U.S. Federal Reserve. For example, chances are that withdrawing money from an automated teller machine (ATM) will trigger an IMS transaction. Several Chinese banks have recently purchased IMS to support that country's burgeoning financial industry. Reportedly, IMS alone is a US$1 billion per year business for IBM.[citation needed]

Today IMS complements DB2, IBM's relational database system, introduced in 1982. In general, IMS performs faster than DB2 for a given task, but requires more programming effort to design and maintain.

Geographical Information System (English: Geographic Information System GIS abbreviated) is a special information system that manages data that has spatial information (bereferensi RELIGIOUS). Or in a more narrow sense, is a computer system that has the ability to build, store, manage and display the geographic information berefrensi, for example, the data identified by location, in a database. The practitioners also include people who build and operate it and the data as part of this system.

Geographical Information System technology can be used for scientific investigation, resource management, development planning, cartography and route planning. For example, GIS can help planners to quickly calculate the time when the emergency response to natural disaster occurs, or GIS can digunaan for wetland (Wetlands), which requires protection from pollution.

History of development

35,000 years ago, the cave walls in Lascaux, France, the Cro-hunter magnons drawing their prey animals, are also believed to be the line as the migration route the animals. Note this early in line with the two elements of the structure on a modern information system gegrafis now, the archive graphic linked to the database attributes.

In the years 1700s, modern survey techniques for topographical mapping is applied, including early versions of thematic mapping, for example, scholarly or census data.

Century to the early-20 shows the development of "photo Lithography", where the map is separated into several layers (layer). Development of computer hardware, which spurred by research to bring nuclear weapons into multifunction mapping applications in the early 1960s.

1967 is the initial development of the GIS can be applied in Ottawa, Ontario by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. Developed by Roger Tomlinson, who then called CGIS (Canadian GIS - GIS, Canada), used to store, analyze and process the data collected for the Canada Land Inventory (CLI - Canadian land inventory) - an initiative to know the ability of land in rural areas with Canada memetakaan various information on land, agriculture, tourism, nature, birds and land use on the scale of 1:250000. Factors of the classification also applied for analysis purposes.
GIS with gvSIG.

CGIS is the first system in the world, and results from improvements to the mapping application that has the ability to limp heap (overlay), calculation, pendijitalan / scanning (digitizing / scanning), coordinates national support system that extends above the continental United States, enter the line as arcs that have a topology and save the attributes and information lokasional in separate files. Pengembangya, a geografer named Roger Tomlinson then called "Mr. SIG."

CGIS survive until the year 1970 and takes a long time for improvement after initial development, and can not compete with commercial mapping applications, which issued several vendors such as Intergraph. Development of micro computer hardware vendor to drive the other as ESRI, CARIS, MapInfo and successfully make many features of GIS, merge approach to the separation of the first generation of spatial information and attributes, with a second-generation approach in the organization attribute data into the database structure. The development of industry in the 1980s and 1990s spur more growth in the GIS UNIX workstations and personal computers. At the end of the century to 20, the rapid growth in various systems dikonsolidasikan and distandarisasikan into fewer platforms, and users begin exporting displays GIS data via the Internet, which requires the standard format and transfer data.

Indonesia has adopted this system since the Pelita to-2 when LIPI invite UNESCO in preparing the "Policy and Program Development Stage Second Five Year (1974-1979)" in the development of science, technology and research.

Senior secondary education / senior high school education through the curriculum, geography remote sensing and GIS have been introduced since early. University of Indonesia in the Diploma in GIS program to open this D3 is a remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems, Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada, 1999. While the levels of S1 and S2 have been there since 1991 in the Department of cartography and remote sensing, Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada. So far, GIS has been developed almost by the universities in Indonesia through laboratory-laboratory, group study / discussion and the courses.

Information is one of the scholarly branch large enough and covers almost as associated with various things about life, where discipline informatics group includes science and engineering to specific data into information with seoptimal may utilize information technology or computer. In the Indonesian language, the term Information derived from the French informatique, which in German is called Informatik. In fact, the word is synonymous with the term computer science in the United States and computing science in English. In terms pendefenisian informatics, according to Philippe Dreyfus (1962) and l'Academie Francaise (1967), which defines informatics as follows: Group Discipline Science (scientific discipline) and the Discipline Engineering (engineering discipline), which specifically concerns the transformation / processing of the "Facts symbolic" (data / information), which mainly use the facilities automatic machines / computer. In the English language has a slightly different meaning, namely more emphasis on aspects of processing information in a systematic and rational. If viewed from a holistic understanding of informatics at the top, and sistematika logic approach is quite characteristic of the dominant Information from this, considering the approach is key in getting the solution in solving various problems. In principle, this scholarly emphasis on how an information and data can be processed with such berbantuan technology terotomatisasi. Terautomatisasi technology that is not the only one engine, but can involve multiple machines. This machine is more common is called the computer. Computer as the main material in this field have scholarly role that is very high, so the information in a simple strip of how these machines work, how the data processed in a manner that is understood by the machine while the information is understood by humans, to how the machine is able to communicate with the other engine.



Computer Science
In general, Computer Science, which better known by the name of Computer Science (Computer Science, CS) is a science to learn about computing, both hardware (hardware) and software (software). Computer science includes a variety of topics related to computers, from the abstract analysis of algorithms to the subject of a more concrete such as the programming language, software, and hardware. As a science discipline, Computer Science with a different computer programming, software engineering and computer techniques, even if the third term is often disalahartikan. Church-Turing thesis states that all computing devices that have been known to the public are actually the same thing what they can do, even with different efficiency. This thesis pronsip sometimes regarded as a basic knowledge of computers. Experts in computer science are emphasized von Neumann computer or Turing machine, because most computers are used now. Experts in computer science also learn that other types of machines, some of it practical (such as parallel and quantum) and some of them quite theoretical (such as random and Oracle). Computer Science learn what can be done by the program, and what is not (computing and Artificial Intelligence), how a program should evaluate the results (algorithm), how the program should save and retrieve specific bits of information from a (data structure), and how the program and users to communicate (the user interface and programming language). Computer science stems from the electronics, mathematics and linguistics. In the last three decades of the 20th century, computer science has become a science discipline and have developed a new method and the term itself. The first computer science department was established at Purdue University in 1962. Almost all universities now have computer science departments. The highest award in computer science is the Turing Award, winner of this award is all the pioneer in the field.

What is the system?


The system is the group of two or more components or subsystems, which have interrelated functions with the same goal.

What is the System Information ?

Information system is a series of formal procedure in which the data is collected, processed and distributed information to the user.

The framework of the information system is divided into 2 main namely: Information Systems Management and Information System of Accounting.

What is the transaction?

Transactions are activities that affect or are part of the interest of the company that processed by the information system as a unit of work.

Transactions that there are financial and non-financial Accounting Information System

Accounting Information System (SIA) is an Information System, which handles everything related to accounting. Accounting itself is a System Information. The important functions of the SIA established on an organization, among others:

* Collecting and storing data on the activities and transactions.
* Processing of data into information to be used in the decision making process.
* Establishing a precise control of the assets the organization.

SIA said the various transaction processing and financial transactions nonkeuangan that directly affect the processing of financial transactions.

SIA consists of 3 subsystems:

* Transaction processing system

support the daily business operations.

* System of books / financial reporting

produce financial reports, such as reports profit / loss, balance sheet, cash flow, a tax refund.

* Management reporting system

which provides the internal management of various special purpose financial reports and information needed for decision making, such as budget, performance reports, and the report questioned.

Management Information System

Management Information System to process various non-financial transactions that can not be processed by the SIA normal.

How to Work

To understand how the SIA to work, need to answer some questions as the following:

* How to collect data related to transactions and activities of the organization?
* How to transform data into information so that management can use to run the organization?
* How to ensure availability, reliability, accuracy of the information?
* How to ensure availability, reliability, accuracy of the information?

Benefits

An SIA add value by:

* Provide accurate information and timely so that it can perform the main activity in the value chain effectively and efficiently.
* Improving the quality and reduce the cost of products and services produced
* Improving the efficiency
* Improving the ability in decision making
* Increase knowledge sharing
* Increase the work efficiency in the financial

Information systems are computer applications to support the operations of an organization: the operation, installation, and maintenance of computers, software, and data. Management Information System is the key sectors that emphasizes personal and financial management. Sales Information System is a system to organize information that a series of procedures and methods designed to generate, analyze, disseminate and obtain information to support decision making about the sale.

Other definitions
Information System is a set of hardware, software, brainware, or the rules and procedures that are integral to organized the data into information useful for solving problems and making decisions.

Information System is a result of data processing that is integrated and complement each other, which generates output in the form of images, voice and writing.

Information system is a set of components of the system that has a relation between the components with other components, which aims to produce an information in a particular field. In the classification system needs the information flow chart information, this is the need for a diversity of information by the user information. Criteria of information systems, among others, flexible, effective and efficient.

The system is the collection of information between sub-sub-system related salaing that form a component which includes the input-process-output-related pengolaan information (data that has been so dioleh more useful for users)

An information system (SI) or information system (IS) is aransemen of people, data, processes, and inter-face that interact to support and improve some day-to-day operations in a business, including support to solve problems and the needs of decision-maker manejemen and the user experience in the field